- List Of Letters In Different Languages
- I Love You In Different Languages
- Capital Letters In Different Languages
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- 1Translingual
- 1.1Letter
- 2English
- 2.1Etymology 1
- 2.1.1Letter
- 2.2Etymology 2
- 2.2.2Abbreviation
- 2.1Etymology 1
- 3Afar
- 4American Sign Language
- 5Azerbaijani
- 5.1Letter
- 6Chinese
- 7Dutch
- 8Esperanto
- 8.1Letter
- 9Finnish
- 9.1Letter
- 10French
- 11Galician
- 11.1Abbreviation
- 12German
- 13Ido
- 13.2Letter
- 14Italian
- 15Latvian
- 15.3Letter
- 16Malay
- 16.2Letter
- 17Portuguese
- 17.1Letter
- 18Romanian
- 19Saanich
- 19.2Letter
- 20Skolt Sami
- 21Slovene
- 22Somali
- 22.2Letter
- 23Spanish
- 24Turkish
- 24.1Letter
- 25Vietnamese
- 25.2Letter
- 26Zulu
- 26.1Letter
Translingual[edit]
Letter[edit]
N (lower casen)
- The fourteenth letter of the basic modern Latin alphabet.
See also[edit]
- (Latin script): AaBbCcDdEeFfGgHhIiJjKkLlMmNnOoPpQqRrSſsTtUuVvWwXxYyZz
- (Variations of letter N): ŃńǸǹŇňÑñṄṅŅņṆṇṊṋṈṉN̈n̈ƝɲȠƞᵰᶇɳȵɴNnŊŋNJNjnjNJNjnj
Symbol[edit]
N
- (chemistry) Symbol for nitrogen.
- (metrology) Symbol for newton, the SI unit of force.
- (biochemistry)IUPAC 1-letter abbreviation for aspargine
- (physics)electron number
- (music)Neapolitan chord (usually in first inversion, therefore followed by a superscript six)
Gallery[edit]
- Letter styles
Capital and lowercase versions of N, in normal and italic type
Uppercase and lowercase N in Fraktur
See also[edit]
Other representations of N:
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English[edit]
Etymology 1[edit]
Letter[edit]
N (upper case, lower casen, pluralNsorN's)
- The fourteenth letter of the English alphabet, called en and written in the Latin script.
See also[edit]
- (Latin-script letters)letter; Aa, Bb, Cc, Dd, Ee, Ff, Gg, Hh, Ii, Jj, Kk, Ll, Mm, Nn, Oo, Pp, Qq, Rr, Ss, Tt, Uu, Vv, Ww, Xx, Yy, Zz
Number[edit]
N (upper case, lower casen)
- The ordinal number fourteenth, derived from this letter of the English alphabet, called en and written in the Latin script.
Etymology 2[edit]
Pronunciation[edit]
- IPA(key): /ɛn/
- Rhymes: -ɛn
Audio (US) |
Audio (UK) |
Abbreviation[edit]
N
- (military)Navy
- north (see also n)
- (linguistics)noun
- (chess)knight
Translations[edit]
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Afar[edit]
Letter[edit]
N
- The eighteenth letter in the Afar alphabet.
See also[edit]
- (Latin-script letters)Aa, Bb, Tt, Ss, Ee, Cc, Kk, Xx, Ii, Dd, Qq, Rr, Ff, Gg, Oo, Ll, Mm, Nn, Uu, Ww, Hh, Yy
American Sign Language[edit]
Letter[edit]
(transliteration needed) (StokoeN)
- The letter N
Azerbaijani[edit]
Letter[edit]
Nupper case (lower casen)
- The twentieth letter of the Azerbaijani alphabet, written in the Latin script.
See also[edit]
- (Latin-script letters)hərf; Aa, Bb, Cc, Çç, Dd, Ee, Əə, Ff, Gg, Ğğ, Hh, Xx, Iı, İi, Jj, Kk, Qq, Ll, Mm, Nn, Oo, Öö, Pp, Rr, Ss, Şş, Tt, Uu, Üü, Vv, Yy, Zz
Chinese[edit]
Alternative forms[edit]
Etymology[edit]
Likely from the mathematical usage of n to denote an arbitrary number.
Pronunciation[edit]
- Mandarin
- (Pinyin): ēn (en1)
- (Zhuyin): ㄣ
- Cantonese(Jyutping): en1
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Pinyin: ēn
- Zhuyin: ㄣ
- Wade–Giles: ên1
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: en
- IPA(key): /ˀən⁵⁵/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)+
- Jyutping: en1
- Yale: ēn
- Cantonese Pinyin: en1
- Guangdong Romanization: én1
- IPA(key): /ɛːn⁵⁵/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)+
Numeral[edit]
N
- countless, several
- 點解我打咗N次都冇人接電話嘅?[Cantonese, trad.]
- Dim2 gaai2 ngo5 daa2 zo2en1 ci3 dou1 mou5 jan4 zip3 din6 waa6-2 ge2?[Jyutping]
- How come I called several times but no one picked up the phone?
点解我打咗N次都冇人接电话嘅?[Cantonese, simp.]- 追了N部美劇,英語還超爛…[MSC, trad.]
- From:[1]
- zhuīle ēn bù měijù, yīngyǔ hái chāo làn..[Pinyin]
- You've binged countless American TV dramas, but your English still sucks…
追了N部美剧,英语还超烂…[MSC, simp.]
- 你不用看了。我已經看過N次了。[MSC, trad.]
- From:1996, 瓊瑤 and 林久愉, 一簾幽夢 (TV drama), episode 1, 30:34
- Nǐ bùyòng kàn le. Wǒ yǐjīng kàn guò ēn cì le.[Pinyin]
- You don't need to look. I've already looked multiple times.
你不用看了。我已经看过N次了。[MSC, simp.]
Further reading[edit]
- Chinese Language Stack Exchange - When did the usage of “N” to indicate some unspecified quantity come up?
Dutch[edit]
Pronunciation[edit]
- (letter name):IPA(key): /ɛn/
Audio
Letter[edit]
N (capital, lowercasen)
- The fourteenth letter of the Dutch alphabet.
Abbreviation[edit]
N
- Abbreviation of noord; north
See also[edit]
- Previous letter: M
- Next letter: O
Esperanto[edit]
Letter[edit]
N (upper case, lower casen)
- The eighteenth letter of the Esperanto alphabet, called no or en and written in the Latin script.
See also[edit]
- (Latin-script letters)litero; Aa, Bb, Cc, Ĉĉ, Dd, Ee, Ff, Gg, Ĝĝ, Hh, Ĥĥ, Ii, Jj, Ĵĵ, Kk, Ll, Mm, Nn, Oo, Pp, Rr, Ss, Ŝŝ, Tt, Uu, Ŭŭ, Vv, Zz
Abbreviation[edit]
N
- Abbreviation of nordo(“north”).
- (text messaging)Abbreviation of ni(“we”).
Finnish[edit]
Letter[edit]
N (upper case, lower casen)
- The fourteenth letter of the Finnish alphabet, called än or en and written in the Latin script.
See also[edit]
- (Latin-script letters)kirjain; Aa, Bb, Cc, Dd, Ee, Ff, Gg, Hh, Ii, Jj, Kk, Ll, Mm, Nn, Oo, Pp, Qq, Rr, Ss (Šš), Tt, Uu, Vv (Ww), Xx, Yy, Zz (Žž), Åå, Ää, Öö
Abbreviation[edit]
N
French[edit]
Pronunciation[edit]
- (letter):IPA(key): /ɛn/
Audio (Paris) - Rhymes: -ɛn
Abbreviation[edit]
N
- Abbreviation of nord.
Letter[edit]
N
- The fourteenth letter of the French alphabet.
Galician[edit]
Abbreviation[edit]
N
![Different Different](https://www.drodd.com/images16/alphabet3.png)
- norte (north)
Antonyms[edit]
- (north):S
German[edit]
Pronunciation[edit]
- IPA(key): /ʔɛn/
Audio
Letter[edit]
N (upper case, lower casen)
- The fourteenth letter of the German alphabet.
Abbreviation[edit]
N
- Abbreviation of Nord; north
Ido[edit]
Pronunciation[edit]
- IPA(key): /n/
Letter[edit]
N (lower casen)
- The fourteenth letter of the Ido alphabet, written in the Latin script.
See also[edit]
- (Latin-script letters)litero; Aa, Bb, Cc, Dd, Ee, Ff, Gg, Hh, Ii, Jj, Kk, Ll, Mm, Nn, Oo, Pp, Qq, Rr, Ss, Tt, Uu, Vv, Ww, Xx, Yy, Zz
Italian[edit]
Pronunciation[edit]
- (name of letter)IPA(key): /ˈɛnne/
- (phoneme)IPA(key): /n/
Letter[edit]
Nm or f (invariable, lower casen)
- The twelfth letter of the Italian alphabet, called enne and written in the Latin script.
See also[edit]
- (Latin-script letters)lettera; Aa (Àà), Bb, Cc, Dd, Ee (Éé, Èè), Ff, Gg, Hh, Ii (Íí, Ìì, Îî, Jj, Kk), Ll, Mm, Nn, Oo (Óó, Òò), Pp, Qq, Rr, Ss, Tt, Uu (Úú, Ùù), Vv (Ww, Xx, Yy), Zz
- Italian alphabet on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
Latvian[edit]
Etymology[edit]
Proposed in 1908 as part of the new Latvian spelling by the scientific commission headed by K. Mīlenbahs, which was accepted and began to be taught in schools in 1909. Prior to that, Latvian had been written in German Fraktur, and sporadically in Cyrillic.
Pronunciation[edit]
- IPA(key): [n]
Letter[edit]
N (upper case, lower casen)
- The twenty-first letter of the Latvian alphabet, called en and written in the Latin script.
See also[edit]
- Letters of the Latvian alphabet:
- burti:Aa, Āā, Bb, Cc, Čč, Dd, Ee, Ēē, Ff, Gg, Ģģ, Hh, Ii, Īī, Jj, Kk, Ķķ, Ll, Ļļ, Mm, Nn, Ņņ, Oo, Pp, Rr, Ss, Šš, Tt, Uu, Ūū, Vv, Zz, Žž
Malay[edit]
Pronunciation[edit]
- (Name of letter)IPA(key): [ɛn]
- (Phoneme)IPA(key): [n]
Letter[edit]
N
- The fourteenth letter of the Malay alphabet, written in the Latin script.
See also[edit]
- (Latin-script letters)Aa, Bb, Cc, Dd, Ee, Ff, Gg, Hh, Ii, Jj, Kk, Ll, Mm, Nn, Oo, Pp, Qq, Rr, Ss, Tt, Uu, Vv, Ww, Xx, Yy, Zz
Portuguese[edit]
Letter[edit]
N (upper case, lower casen)
- The fourteenth letter of the Portuguese alphabet, written in the Latin script.
See also[edit]
- (Latin-script letters)letra; Aa (Áá, Àà, Ââ, Ãã), Bb, Cc (Çç), Dd, Ee (Éé, Êê), Ff, Gg, Hh, Ii (Íí), Jj, Kk, Ll, Mm, Nn, Oo (Óó, Ôô, Õõ), Pp, Qq, Rr, Ss, Tt, Uu (Úú), Vv, Ww, Xx, Yy, Zz
Noun[edit]
Nm (uncountable)
- Abbreviation of norte.
Romanian[edit]
Pronunciation[edit]
- IPA(key): /ne/, /en/
Letter[edit]
N (lowercasen)
- The seventeenth letter of the Romanian alphabet representing the phoneme /n/. Preceded by M and followed by O.
Saanich[edit]
Pronunciation[edit]
- IPA(key): /n/, /nʼ/
Letter[edit]
N
- The twenty-first letter of the Saanich alphabet, written in the Latin script.
See also[edit]
- (Latin-script letters)A, Á, Ⱥ, B, C, Ć, Ȼ, D, E, H, I, Í, J, K, Ꝁ, Ꝃ, ₭, Ḵ, Ḱ, L, Ƚ, M, N, Ṉ, O, P, Q, S, Ś, T, Ⱦ, Ṯ, Ŧ, U, W, W̲, X, X̲, Y, Z, s, ,
Skolt Sami[edit]
Pronunciation[edit]
- (phoneme)IPA(key): /n/
Letter[edit]
N (lower casen)
- The twenty-second letter of the Skolt Sami alphabet, written in the Latin script.
See also[edit]
- (Latin-script letters)bukva; Aa, Ââ, Bb, Cc, Čč, Ʒʒ, Ǯǯ, Dd, Đđ, Ee, Ff, Gg, Ǧǧ, Ǥǥ, Hh, Ii, Jj, Kk, Ǩǩ, Ll, Mm, Nn, Ŋŋ, Oo, Õõ, Pp, Rr, Ss, Šš, Tt, Uu, Vv, Zz, Žž, Åå, Ää, ʹ
Slovene[edit]
Pronunciation[edit]
Letter[edit]
N (capital, lowercasen)
- The 15th letter of the Slovene alphabet. Preceded by M and followed by O.
Somali[edit]
Pronunciation[edit]
- (phoneme):IPA(key): /n/
- (letter name):IPA(key): /nʉn/
Letter[edit]
Nupper case (lower casen)
- The nineteenth letter of the Somali alphabet, called nun and written in the Latin script.
Usage notes[edit]
- The nineteenth letter of the Somali alphabet, which follows Arabicabjad order. It is preceded by M and followed by W.
See also[edit]
- (Latin-script letters)', Bb, Tt, Jj, Xx, Khkh, Dd, Rr, Ss, Shsh, Dhdh, Cc, Gg, Ff, Qq, Kk, Ll, Mm, Nn, Ww, Hh, Yy, Aa, Ee, Ii, Oo, Uu
Spanish[edit]
List Of Letters In Different Languages
Letter[edit]
N (upper case, lower casen)
- The 14th letter of the Spanish alphabet.
Abbreviation[edit]
N
- Abbreviation of norte; north
Turkish[edit]
Letter[edit]
N (upper case, lower casen)
- The seventeenth letter of the Turkish alphabet, called ne and written in the Latin script.
See also[edit]
- (Latin-script letters)harf; Aa, Bb, Cc, Çç, Dd, Ee, Ff, Gg, Ğğ, Hh, Iı, İi, Jj, Kk, Ll, Mm, Nn, Oo, Öö, Pp, Rr, Ss, Şş, Tt, Uu, Üü, Vv, Yy, Zz
Vietnamese[edit]
Pronunciation[edit]
- (Hà Nội) IPA(key): [ʔɛ˧˧ nəː˨˩], [ʔɛn˧˧ nəː˨˩], [nəː˨˩ tʰəp̚˧˦], [nəː˨˩]
- (Huế) IPA(key): [ʔɛ˧˧ nəː˦˩], [ʔɛŋ˧˧ nəː˦˩], [nəː˦˩ tʰəp̚˦˧˥], [nəː˦˩]
- (Hồ Chí Minh City) IPA(key): [ʔɛ˧˧ nəː˨˩], [ʔɛŋ˧˧ nəː˨˩], [nəː˨˩ tʰəp̚˦˥], [nəː˨˩]
- Phonetic: e nờ, en nờ, nờ thấp, nờ
Letter[edit]
N (upper case, lower casen)
- The sixteenth letter of the Vietnamese alphabet, called e-nờ, en-nờ, nờ thấp, or nờ and written in the Latin script.
See also[edit]
- (Quốc ngữ letters)chữ; Aa (Àà, Ảả, Ãã, Áá, Ạạ), Ăă (Ằằ, Ẳẳ, Ẵẵ, Ắắ, Ặặ), Ââ (Ầầ, Ẩẩ, Ẫẫ, Ấấ, Ậậ), Bb, Cc (Chch), Dd, Đđ, Ee (Èè, Ẻẻ, Ẽẽ, Éé, Ẹẹ), Êê (Ềề, Ểể, Ễễ, Ếế, Ệệ), Gg (Ghgh, Gigi), Hh, Ii (Ìì, Ỉỉ, Ĩĩ, Íí, Ịị), Kk (Khkh), Ll, Mm, Nn (Ngng, Nghngh, Nhnh), Oo (Òò, Ỏỏ, Õõ, Óó, Ọọ), Ôô (Ồồ, Ổổ, Ỗỗ, Ốố, Ộộ), Ơơ (Ờờ, Ởở, Ỡỡ, Ớớ, Ợợ), Pp (Phph), Qq (Ququ), Rr, Ss, Tt (Thth, Trtr), Uu (Ùù, Ủủ, Ũũ, Úú, Ụụ), Ưư (Ừừ, Ửử, Ữữ, Ứứ, Ựự), Vv, Xx, Yy (Ỳỳ, Ỷỷ, Ỹỹ, Ýý, Ỵỵ)
Zulu[edit]
Letter[edit]
N (upper case, lower casen)
- The fourteenth letter of the Zulu alphabet, written in the Latin script.
See also[edit]
- (Latin-script letters)Aa, Bb, Cc, Dd, Ee, Ff, Gg, Hh, Ii, Jj, Kk, Ll, Mm, Nn, Oo, Pp, Qq, Rr, Ss, Tt, Uu, Vv, Ww, Xx, Yy, Zz
The frequency of letters in text has been studied for use in cryptanalysis, and frequency analysis in particular, dating back to the Iraqi mathematician Al-Kindi (c. 801–873 AD), who formally developed the method (the ciphers breakable by this technique go back at least to the Caesar cipher invented by Julius Caesar, so this method could have been explored in classical times).
Letter frequency analysis gained additional importance in Europe with the development of movable type in 1450 AD, where one must estimate the amount of type required for each letterform, as evidenced by the variations in letter compartment size in typographer's type cases.
Linguists use letter frequency analysis as a rudimentary technique for language identification, where it's particularly effective as an indication of whether an unknown writing system is alphabetic, syllablic, or ideographic. For example, the Japanese Hiragana syllabary contains 46 distinct characters, which is more than most phonetic alphabets; by contrast, the English and Hawaiian alphabets have only 26 and 13 letters, respectively.
No exact letter frequency distribution underlies a given language, since all writers write slightly differently. However, most languages have a characteristic distribution which is strongly apparent in longer texts. Even language changes as extreme as from old English to modern English (regarded as mutually unintelligible) show strong trends in related letter frequencies: over a small sample of Biblical passages, from most frequent to least frequent, enaid sorhm tgþlwu (æ)cfy ðbpxz of old English compares to eotha sinrd luymw fgcbp kvjqxz of modern English, with the most extreme differences concerning letterforms not shared.[1]
Linotype machines for the English language assumed the letter order, from most to least common, to be etaoin shrdlu cmfwyp vbgkjq xz based on the experience and custom of manual compositors. The equivalent for the French language was elaoin sdrétu cmfhyp vbgwqj xz.
Modern International Morse code (generally believed to have been developed by Alfred Vail based on English-language letter frequencies of the 1830s) encodes the most frequent letters with the shortest symbols; arranging the Morse alphabet into groups of letters that require equal amounts of time to transmit, and then sorting these groups in increasing order, yields e it san hurdm wgvlfbk opxcz jyq. Similar ideas are used in modern, gives the English letter frequency sequence as 'ETAON RISHD LFCMU GYPWB VKJXQ Z', the most common letter pairs as 'TH HE AN RE ER IN ON AT ND ST ES EN OF TE ED OR TI HI AS TO', and the most common doubled letters as 'LL EE SS OO TT FF RR NN PP CC'.[2]
Also, to note that different dialects of a language will also affect a letter's frequency. For example, an author in the United States would produce something in which the letter 'z' is more common than an author in the United Kingdom writing on the same topic: words like 'analyze', 'apologize', and 'recognize' contain the letter in American English, whereas the same words are spelled 'analyse', 'apologise', and 'recognise' in British English. This would highly affect the frequency of the letter 'z' as it is a rarely used letter elsewhere in the English language.[3]
The 'top twelve' letters constitute about 80% of the total usage. The 'top eight' letters constitute about 65% of the total usage. Letter frequency as a function of rank can be fitted well by several rank functions, with the two-parameter Cocho/Beta rank function being the best.[4] Another rank function with no adjustable free parameter also fits the letter frequency distribution reasonably well[5] (the same function has been used to fit the amino acid frequency in protein sequences.[6]) A spy using the VIC cipher or some other cipher based on a straddling checkerboard typically uses a mnemonic such as 'a sin to err' (dropping the second 'r')[7][8]or 'at one sir'[9]to remember the top eight characters.
I Love You In Different Languages
The use of letter frequencies and frequency analysis plays a fundamental role in cryptograms and several word puzzle games, including Hangman, Scrabble and the television game show Wheel of Fortune. One of the earliest descriptions in classical literature of applying the knowledge of English letter frequency to solving a cryptogram is found in Edgar Allan Poe's famous story The Gold-Bug, where the method is successfully applied to decipher a message instructing on the whereabouts of a treasure hidden by Captain Kidd.[10]
Letter frequencies had a strong effect on the design of some keyboard layouts. The most frequent letters are on the bottom row of the Blickensderfer typewriter, and the home row of the Dvorak Simplified Keyboard.
Relative frequencies of letters in the English language[edit]
There are three ways to count letter frequency that result in very different charts for common letters. The first method, used in the chart below, is to count letter frequency in root words of a dictionary. The second is to include all word variants when counting, such as 'abstracts', 'abstracted' and 'abstracting' and not just the root word of 'abstract'. This system results in letters like 's' appearing much more frequently, such as when counting letters from lists of the most used English words on the Internet. A final variant is to count letters based on their frequency of use in actual texts, resulting in certain letter combinations like 'th' becoming more common due to the frequent use of common words like 'the'. Absolute usage frequency measures like this are used when creating keyboard layouts or letter frequencies in old fashioned printing presses.
Capital Letters In Different Languages
An analysis of entries in the Concise Oxford dictionary, ignoring frequency of word use, gives an order of 'EARIOTNSLCUDPMHGBFYWKVXZJQ'.[11]
The letter-frequency table below is taken from Pavel Mička's website, which cites Robert Lewand's Cryptological Mathematics.[12]
Letter | Relative frequency in the English language | |
---|---|---|
a | 8.167% | |
b | 1.492% | |
c | 2.782% | |
d | 4.253% | |
e | 12.702% | |
f | 2.228% | |
g | 2.015% | |
h | 6.094% | |
i | 6.966% | |
j | 0.153% | |
k | 0.772% | |
l | 4.025% | |
m | 2.406% | |
n | 6.749% | |
o | 7.507% | |
p | 1.929% | |
q | 0.095% | |
r | 5.987% | |
s | 6.327% | |
t | 9.056% | |
u | 2.758% | |
v | 0.978% | |
w | 2.360% | |
x | 0.150% | |
y | 1.974% | |
z | 0.074% |
According to Lewand, arranged from most to least common in appearance, the letters are: etaoinshrdlcumwfgypbvkjxqz. Lewand's ordering differs slightly from others, such as Cornell University Math Explorer's Project, which produced a table after measuring 40,000 words.[13]
In English, the space is slightly more frequent than the top letter (e)[14] and the non-alphabetic characters (digits, punctuation, etc.) collectively occupy the fourth position (having already included the space) between t and a.[15]
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Relative frequencies of the first letters of a word in the English language[edit]
The frequency of the first letters of words or names is helpful in pre-assigning space in physical files and indexes.[16]Given 26 filing cabinet drawers, rather than a 1:1 assignment of one drawer to one letter of the alphabet,it is often useful to use a more equal-frequency-letter code by assigning several low-frequency letters to the same drawer (often one drawer is labeled VWXYZ), and to split up the most-frequent initial letters — S, A, and C - into several drawers (often 6 drawers Aa-An, Ao-Az, Ca-Cj, Ck-Cz, Sa-Si, Sj-Sz). The same system is used in some multi-volume works such as some encyclopedias. Cutter numbers, another mapping of names to a more equal-frequency code, are used in some libraries.
Both the overall letter distribution and the word-initial letter distribution approximately match the Zipf distribution and even more closely match the Yule distribution.[17]
Often the frequency distribution of the first digit in each datum is significantly different from the overall frequency of all the digits in a set of numeric data—see Benford's law for details.
An analysis by Peter Norvig on Google Books data determined, among other things, the frequency of first letters of English words:[18]
Letter | Relative frequency as the first letter of an English word | |
---|---|---|
a | 11.682% | |
b | 4.434% | |
c | 5.238% | |
d | 3.174% | |
e | 2.799% | |
f | 4.027% | |
g | 1.642% | |
h | 4.200% | |
i | 7.294% | |
j | 0.511% | |
k | 0.456% | |
l | 2.415% | |
m | 3.826% | |
n | 2.284% | |
o | 7.631% | |
p | 4.319% | |
q | 0.222% | |
r | 2.826% | |
s | 6.686% | |
t | 15.978% | |
u | 1.183% | |
v | 0.824% | |
w | 5.497% | |
x | 0.045% | |
y | 0.763% | |
z | 0.045% |
Relative frequencies of letters in other languages[edit]
Letter | English | French[19] | German[20] | Spanish[21] | Portuguese[22] | Esperanto[23] | Italian[24] | Turkish[25] | Swedish[26] | Polish[27] | Dutch[28] | Danish[29] | Icelandic[30] | Finnish[31] | Czech |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
a | 8.167% | 7.636% | 6.516% | 11.525% | 14.634% | 12.117% | 11.745% | 11.920% | 9.383% | 10.503% | 7.486% | 6.025% | 10.110% | 12.217% | 8.421% |
b | 1.492% | 0.901% | 1.886% | 2.215% | 1.043% | 0.980% | 0.927% | 2.844% | 1.535% | 1.740% | 1.584% | 2.000% | 1.043% | 0.281% | 0.822% |
c | 2.782% | 3.260% | 2.732% | 4.019% | 3.882% | 0.776% | 4.501% | 0.963% | 1.486% | 3.895% | 1.242% | 0.565% | 0 | 0.281% | 0.740% |
d | 4.253% | 3.669% | 5.076% | 5.010% | 4.992% | 3.044% | 3.736% | 4.706% | 4.702% | 3.725% | 5.933% | 5.858% | 1.575% | 1.043% | 3.475% |
e | 12.702% | 14.715% | 16.396% | 12.181% | 12.570% | 8.995% | 11.792% | 8.912% | 10.149% | 7.352% | 18.91% | 15.453% | 6.418% | 7.968% | 7.562% |
f | 2.228% | 1.066% | 1.656% | 0.692% | 1.023% | 1.037% | 1.153% | 0.461% | 2.027% | 0.143% | 0.805% | 2.406% | 3.013% | 0.194% | 0.084% |
g | 2.015% | 0.866% | 3.009% | 1.768% | 1.303% | 1.171% | 1.644% | 1.253% | 2.862% | 1.731% | 3.403% | 4.077% | 4.241% | 0.392% | 0.092% |
h | 6.094% | 0.737% | 4.577% | 0.703% | 0.781% | 0.384% | 0.636% | 1.212% | 2.090% | 1.015% | 2.380% | 1.621% | 1.871% | 1.851% | 1.356% |
i | 6.966% | 7.529% | 6.550% | 6.247% | 6.186% | 10.012% | 10.143% | 8.600%* | 5.817% | 8.328% | 6.499% | 6.000% | 7.578% | 10.817% | 6.073% |
j | 0.153% | 0.613% | 0.268% | 0.493% | 0.397% | 3.501% | 0.011% | 0.034% | 0.614% | 1.836% | 1.46% | 0.730% | 1.144% | 2.042% | 1.433% |
k | 0.772% | 0.074% | 1.417% | 0.011% | 0.015% | 4.163% | 0.009% | 4.683% | 3.140% | 2.753% | 2.248% | 3.395% | 3.314% | 4.973% | 2.894% |
l | 4.025% | 5.456% | 3.437% | 4.967% | 2.779% | 6.104% | 6.510% | 5.922% | 5.275% | 2.564% | 3.568% | 5.229% | 4.532% | 5.761% | 3.802% |
m | 2.406% | 2.968% | 2.534% | 3.157% | 4.738% | 2.994% | 2.512% | 3.752% | 3.471% | 2.515% | 2.213% | 3.237% | 4.041% | 3.202% | 2.446% |
n | 6.749% | 7.095% | 9.776% | 6.712% | 4.446% | 7.955% | 6.883% | 7.487% | 8.542% | 6.237% | 10.032% | 7.240% | 7.711% | 8.826% | 6.468% |
o | 7.507% | 5.796% | 2.594% | 8.683% | 9.735% | 8.779% | 9.832% | 2.476% | 4.482% | 6.667% | 6.063% | 4.636% | 2.166% | 5.614% | 6.695% |
p | 1.929% | 2.521% | 0.670% | 2.510% | 2.523% | 2.755% | 3.056% | 0.886% | 1.839% | 2.445% | 1.57% | 1.756% | 0.789% | 1.842% | 1.906% |
q | 0.095% | 1.362% | 0.018% | 0.877% | 1.204% | 0 | 0.505% | 0 | 0.020% | 0 | 0.009% | 0.007% | 0 | 0.013% | 0.001% |
r | 5.987% | 6.693% | 7.003% | 6.871% | 6.530% | 5.914% | 6.367% | 6.722% | 8.431% | 5.243% | 6.411% | 8.956% | 8.581% | 2.872% | 4.799% |
s | 6.327% | 7.948% | 7.270% | 7.977% | 6.805% | 6.092% | 4.981% | 3.014% | 6.590% | 5.224% | 3.73% | 5.805% | 5.630% | 7.862% | 5.212% |
t | 9.056% | 7.244% | 6.154% | 4.632% | 4.336% | 5.276% | 5.623% | 3.314% | 7.691% | 2.475% | 6.79% | 6.862% | 4.953% | 8.750% | 5.727% |
u | 2.758% | 6.311% | 4.166% | 2.927% | 3.639% | 3.183% | 3.011% | 3.235% | 1.919% | 2.062% | 1.99% | 1.979% | 4.562% | 5.008% | 2.160% |
v | 0.978% | 1.838% | 0.846% | 1.138% | 1.575% | 1.904% | 2.097% | 0.959% | 2.415% | 0.012% | 2.85% | 2.332% | 2.437% | 2.250% | 5.344% |
w | 2.360% | 0.049% | 1.921% | 0.017% | 0.037% | 0 | 0.033% | 0 | 0.142% | 5.813% | 1.52% | 0.069% | 0 | 0.094% | 0.016% |
x | 0.150% | 0.427% | 0.034% | 0.215% | 0.253% | 0 | 0.003% | 0 | 0.159% | 0.004% | 0.036% | 0.028% | 0.046% | 0.031% | 0.027% |
y | 1.974% | 0.128% | 0.039% | 1.008% | 0.006% | 0 | 0.020% | 3.336% | 0.708% | 3.206% | 0.035% | 0.698% | 0.900% | 1.745% | 1.043% |
z | 0.074% | 0.326% | 1.134% | 0.467% | 0.470% | 0.494% | 1.181% | 1.500% | 0.070% | 4.852% | 1.39% | 0.034% | 0 | 0.051% | 1.503% |
à | 0 | 0.486% | 0 | 0 | 0.072% | 0 | 0.635% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
â | 0 | 0.051% | 0 | 0 | 0.562% | 0 | ~0% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
á | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.502% | 0.118% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.799% | 0 | 0.867% |
å | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.338% | 0 | 0 | 1.190% | 0 | 0.003% | 0 |
ä | 0 | 0 | 0.578% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.797% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3.577% | 0 |
ã | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.733% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
ą | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.699% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
æ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.872% | 0.867% | 0 | 0 |
œ | 0 | 0.018% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
ç | 0 | 0.085% | 0 | 0 | 0.530% | 0 | 0 | 1.156% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
ĉ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.657% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
ć | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.743% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
č | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.462% |
ď | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.015% |
ð | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4.393% | 0 | 0 |
è | 0 | 0.271% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.263% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
é | 0 | 1.504% | 0 | 0.433% | 0.337% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.647% | 0 | 0.633% |
ê | 0 | 0.218% | 0 | 0 | 0.450% | 0 | ~0% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
ë | 0 | 0.008% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
ę | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.035% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
ě | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.222% |
ĝ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.691% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
ğ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.125% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
ĥ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.022% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
î | 0 | 0.045% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ~0% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
ì | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | (0.030%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
í | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.725% | 0.132% | 0 | 0.030% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.570% | 0 | 1.643% |
ï | 0 | 0.005% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
ı | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5.114%* | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
ĵ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.055% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
ł | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2.109% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
ñ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.311% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
ń | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.362% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
ň | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.007% |
ò | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.002% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
ö | 0 | 0 | 0.443% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.777% | 1.305% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.777% | 0.444% | 0 |
ô | 0 | 0.023% | 0 | 0 | 0.635% | 0 | ~0% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
ó | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.827% | 0.296% | 0 | ~0% | 0 | 0 | 1.141% | 0 | 0 | 0.994% | 0 | 0.024% |
õ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.040% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
ø | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.939% | 0 | 0 | 0 |
ř | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.380% |
ŝ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.385% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
ş | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.780% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
ś | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.814% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
š | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.688% |
ß | 0 | 0 | 0.307% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
ť | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.006% |
þ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.455% | 0 | 0 |
ù | 0 | 0.058% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | (0.166%) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
ú | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.168% | 0.207% | 0 | 0.166% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.613% | 0 | 0.045% |
û | 0 | 0.060% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ~0% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
ŭ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.520% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
ü | 0 | 0 | 0.995% | 0.012% | 0.026% | 0 | 0 | 1.854% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
ů | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.204% |
ý | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.228% | 0 | 0.995% |
ź | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.078% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
ż | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.706% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
ž | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.721% |
*See Dotted and dotless I.
The figure below illustrates the frequency distributions of the 26 most common Latin letters across some languages. All of these languages use a similar 25+ character alphabet.
Based on these tables, the 'etaoin shrdlu'-equivalent results for each language is as follows:
- French: 'esait nruol'; (Indo-European: Romance; traditionally, 'esartinulop' is used, in part for its ease of pronunciation[32])
- Spanish: 'eaosr nidlt'; (Indo-European: Romance)
- Portuguese: 'aeosr idmnt' (Indo-European: Romance)
- Italian: 'eaion lrtsc'; (Indo-European: Romance)
- Esperanto: 'aieon lsrtk' (artificial language – lexic influenced by Indo-European languages, Romance, Germanic mostly)
- German: 'enisr atdhu'; (Indo-European: Germanic)
- Swedish: 'eanrt sildo'; (Indo-European: Germanic)
- Turkish: 'aeinr lkdım'; (Turkic)
- Dutch: 'enati rodsl'; (Indo-European: Germanic)[28]
- Polish: 'aieon wrszc'; (Indo-European: Slavic)
- Danish: 'ernta idslo'; (Indo-European: Germanic)
- Icelandic: 'arnie stulð'; (Indo-European: Germanic)
- Finnish: 'ainte slouk'; (Uralic: Finnic)
- Czech: 'aeoni tvsrl'; (Indo-European: Slavic)
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^Moreno, Marsha Lynn (Spring 2005). 'Frequency Analysis in Light of Language Innovation'(PDF). Math UCSD. Retrieved 19 February 2015.
- ^Zim, Herbert Spencer. (1961). Codes & Secret Writing: Authorized Abridgement. Scholastic Book Services. OCLC317853773.
- ^'British and American spelling - Oxford Dictionaries'. Oxford Dictionaries - English. Retrieved 18 April 2018.
- ^Li, Wentian; Miramontes, Pedro (2011). 'Fitting ranked English and Spanish letter frequency distribution in US and Mexican presidential speeches'. Journal of Quantitative Linguistics. 18 (4): 359. arXiv:1103.2950. doi:10.1080/09296174.2011.608606.
- ^Gusein-Zade, S.M. (1988). 'Frequency distribution of letters in the Russian language'. Probl. Peredachi Inf. 24 (4): 102–7.
- ^Gamow, George; Ycas, Martynas (1955). 'Statistical correlation of protein and ribonucleic acid composition'(PDF). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 41 (12): 1011–19. Bibcode:1955PNAS..41.1011G. doi:10.1073/pnas.41.12.1011. PMC528190. PMID16589789.
- ^Friedrich L. Bauer.'Decrypted Secrets: Methods and Maxims of Cryptology'.2006.p. 57.
- ^Greg Goebel.'The Rise Of Field Ciphers: straddling checkerboard ciphers'2009.
- ^Dirk Rijmenants.'One-time Pad'
- ^Poe, Edgar Allan. 'The works of Edgar Allan Poe in five volumes'. Project Gutenberg.
- ^'What is the frequency of the letters of the alphabet in English?'. Oxford Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
- ^Mička, Pavel. 'Letter frequency (English)'. Algoritmy.net.
- ^'Frequency Table'. cornell.edu.
- ^'Statistical Distributions of English Text'. data-compression.com. Archived from the original on 2017-09-18.
- ^Lee, E. Stewart. 'Essays about Computer Security'(PDF). University of Cambridge Computer Laboratory. p. 181.
- ^Herbert Marvin Ohlman.'Subject-Word Letter Frequencies with Applications to Superimposed Coding'.[1]Proceedings of the International Conference on Scientific Information (1959).
- ^Hemlata Pande and H. S. Dhami.'Mathematical Modelling of Occurrence of Letters and Word’s Initials in Texts of Hindi Language'.
- ^'English Letter Frequency Counts: Mayzner Revisited or ETAOIN SRHLDCU'. norvig.com. Retrieved 18 April 2018.
- ^'CorpusDeThomasTempé'. Archived from the original on 2007-09-30. Retrieved 2007-06-15.
- ^Beutelspacher, Albrecht (2005). Kryptologie (7 ed.). Wiesbaden: Vieweg. p. 10. ISBN3-8348-0014-7.
- ^Pratt, Fletcher (1942). Secret and Urgent: the Story of Codes and Ciphers. Garden City, N.Y.: Blue Ribbon Books. pp. 254–5. OCLC795065.
- ^'Frequência da ocorrência de letras no Português'. Retrieved 2009-06-16.
- ^'La Oftecoj de la Esperantaj Literoj'. Retrieved 2007-09-14.
- ^Singh, Simon; Galli, Stefano (1999). Codici e Segreti (in Italian). Milano: Rizzoli. ISBN978-8-817-86213-4. OCLC535461359.
- ^Sefik Ilkin Serengil, Murat Akin. 'Attacking Turkish Texts Encrypted by Homophonic Cipher' Proceedings of the 10th WSEAS International Conference on Electronics, Hardware, Wireless and Optical Communications, pp.123-126, Cambridge, UK, February 20–22, 2011.
- ^'Practical Cryptography'. Retrieved 2013-10-30.
- ^Wstęp do kryptologii, counting [space] 17.2%, [dot point] 0.9%, [comma] 0.9% and [semicolon] 0.5%
- ^ ab'Letterfrequenties'. Genootschap OnzeTaal. Retrieved 2009-05-17.
- ^'Practical Cryptography'. Retrieved 2013-10-24.
- ^'Practical Cryptography'. Retrieved 2013-10-24.
- ^'Practical Cryptography'. Retrieved 2013-10-24.
- ^Perec, Georges; Alphabets; Éditions Galilée, 1976
- Notes
Some useful tables for single letter, digram, trigram, tetragram, and pentagram frequencies based on 20,000 words that take intoaccount word-length and letter-position combinations for words 3 to 7 letters in length. The references are as follows:
- Mayzner, M.S.; Tresselt, M.E. (1965). 'Tables of single-letter and digram frequency counts for various word-length and letter-position combinations'. Psychonomic Monograph Supplements. 1 (2): 13–32. OCLC639975358.
- Mayzner, M.S.; Tresselt, M.E.;Wolin, B.< R.< (1965). 'Tables of trigram frequency counts for various word-length and letter-position combinations'. Psychonomic Monograph Supplements. 1 (3): 33–78.
- Mayzner, M.S.; Tresselt, M.E.;Woliin, B.< R,. (1965). 'Tables of tetragram frequency counts for various word-length and letter-position combinations'. Psychonomic Monograph Supplements. 1 (4): 79–143.
- Mayzner, M.S.; Tresselt, M.E.Wolin, B,.< R.> (1965). 'Tables of pentagram frequency counts for various word-length and letter-position combinations'. Psychonomic Monograph Supplements. 1 (5): 144–190.
External links[edit]
- A site with content of Cryptographical Mathematics by Robert Edward Lewand
- An updated version of Mayzner's work using Google books Ngrams data set by Peter Norvig